​大英百科- 泰坦尼克号的真实历史 The sinking of the Titantic

大英百科- 泰坦尼克号的真实历史 The sinking of the Titantic

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The Titanic was a British luxury passenger liner that struck an iceberg and sank during its maiden voyage on April 15th, 1912, killing over 1500 people.

泰坦尼克号是一艘英国豪华客轮，在 1912 年 4 月 15 日的首航中撞上冰山沉没，造成 1500 多人死亡。

On the eve of World War One, this tragedy shocked the world and challenged many old ideas about technology, progress, and modern life.

在第一次世界大战前夕，这场悲剧震惊了世界，并动摇了许多关于技术、进步和现代生活的旧观念。

The first ocean liners emerged in the 1840s, after the development of major industrial technologies like steel and steam power.

第一艘远洋客轮出现在 19 世纪 40 年代，当时钢铁和蒸汽动力等主要工业技术已经发展起来。

At sea, these new ships' speed, capacity, and large sizes created a market for inexpensive international travel and shipping.

在海上，这些新船的速度、容量和大尺寸为廉价的国际旅行和航运创造了市场。

By the early 1900s, the transatlantic passenger trade was highly profitable and fiercely competitive.

到 20 世纪初，跨大西洋客运贸易利润丰厚，竞争激烈。

Two lines: Cunard and the White Star Line, were locked in an all-out war for control of this lucrative business.

两家航运公司：冠达邮轮和白星航运公司，为了争夺这一利润丰厚的行业，陷入了一场全面战争。

In 1907, Cunard launched the Mauritania and Lusitania, the fastest ships in the world.

1907 年，冠达邮轮推出了世界上最快的船只“毛里塔尼亚号”和“卢西塔尼亚号”。

The White Star Line needed something new to compete.

白星航运公司需要一些新的筹码来竞争。

The chair of the White Star Line, J. Bruce Ismay, had arranged the sale of the company to J. P. Morgan in 1902. This brought Ismay, Morgan, and a man named William James Pirrie, chairman of the Belfast shipbuilding firm Harland and Wolff, together under one company.

白星航运公司的董事长 J.布鲁斯·伊斯梅在 1902 年安排将公司出售给 J. P.摩根。这使得伊斯梅、摩根和贝尔法斯特造船公司“哈兰德与沃尔夫造船厂”的董事长威廉·詹姆斯·皮里一起隶属于一家公司。

Ismay and Pirrie then met for dinner in 1907 and devised a plan to beat Cunard's speed with luxury — the new Olympic-class liners — Olympic, Brittanic, and Titanic.

伊斯梅和皮里随后在 1907 年共进晚餐，并制定了一项计划，以豪华击败冠达公司的速度——新的奥林匹克级邮轮——奥林匹克号、布列塔尼克号和泰坦尼克号。

Construction of the Olympic began December 16th, 1908, and of Titanic soon after.

1908 年 12 月 16 日，奥林匹克号开始建造，不久泰坦尼克号也开始建造。

The ships were designed by Thomas Andrews of Harlan and Wolff, who also happened to be the nephew of William James Pirrie.

这些船是由“哈兰德与沃尔夫造船厂”的托马斯·安德鲁斯设计的，他也恰好是威廉·詹姆斯·皮里的侄子。

Andrews had started as an apprentice and worked his way to head designer, gaining a reputation for innovative designs.

安德鲁斯从学徒开始做起，一路努力成为首席设计师，以创新设计而闻名。

Titanic and Olympic were marvels of engineering.

泰坦尼克号和奥林匹克是工程学的奇迹。

Titanic displaced 52,000 tons and was 882 feet long.

泰坦尼克号排水量为 52000 吨，长 882 英尺（约 268.8米）。

The ships were so powerful that they were both nearly destroyed in port when the vortex created by their engines pulled in nearby ships.

这两艘船的动力十分强大，因此当它们的发动机产生的漩涡将附近的船只拖入港口时，这两艘船都差点在港口被摧毁。

Much attention was paid to the 16 watertight compartments that would theoretically protect the ship from flooding.

人们非常关注船上的 16 个水密隔舱，从理论上讲，它们可以保护船只不受水流的侵袭。

This led many at the time to claim Titanic was unsinkable.

这导致当时许多人声称泰坦尼克号永不沉没。

Titanic was launched from the Harland and Wolff shipyards in Belfast, Northern Ireland, on May 31,1911. For the next year, Titanic was 'fitted out' — the interior work was started and the engine machinery was loaded onto the ship.

泰坦尼克号于 1911 年 5 月 31 日在北爱尔兰贝尔法斯特的“哈兰与沃尔夫造船厂”下水。第二年，泰坦尼克号开始“舾装”——内部工作开始了，引擎机械也被装上船了。

For Titanic's high-stakes maiden voyage, Ismay chose captain Edward J. Smith, the former captain of the Olympic known as "the millionaires' captain" for his reputation among wealthy passengers.

对于泰坦尼克号的高风险首航，伊斯梅选择了爱德华·J.史密斯船长，史密斯曾是奥林匹克号的船长，因在富有乘客中享有盛名而被称为“百万富翁的船长”。

Under Smith's watch, Titanic set out for its maiden voyage from Southampton on April 10th, 1912. That night, the ship stopped in Cherbourg, France, where supplies and passengers, including John Jacob Astor and Molly Brown, were ferried aboard, because Titanic was too large for the city's port.

1912 年 4 月 10 日，在史密斯的监督下，泰坦尼克号从南安普顿出发开始了它的首次航行。那天晚上，泰坦尼克号停靠在法国瑟堡，在那里，包括约翰·雅各布·阿斯特（社交名流）和莫莉·布朗（社交名媛）在内的物资和乘客都被摆渡上船，因为泰坦尼克号对该市的港口来说太大了。

After a final stop in Queenstown, Ireland, Titanic set sail for New York City, carrying some 2,200 people.

在爱尔兰皇后镇停靠了最后一站后，泰坦尼克号载着大约 2200 人启航前往纽约市。

At sea, Titanic delivered on the power, speed, and luxury promised by its designers.

在海上，泰坦尼克号兑现了其设计者承诺的动力、速度和奢华。

The turbine engine drove the ship's main propeller while two reciprocating engines powered the side propellers.

涡轮发动机驱动船的主螺旋桨，而两个往复式发动机驱动侧螺旋桨。

Each engine was capable of producing 15,000 horsepower.

每台发动机都能够产生 15000 马力。

These engines were powered by 29 boilers, which contained three or more furnaces each.

这些发动机由 29 个锅炉提供动力，每个锅炉包含三个或更多的熔炉。

Some 600 tons of coal were fed into the furnaces every day by a team of workers in the boiler room known as trimmers.

每天大约有 600 吨煤被锅炉室里的一队被称为铲煤工的工人送入熔炉。

The boiler room vented through Titanic's immense funnels, one of which was non-functional and included purely for aesthetic reasons.

锅炉房通过泰坦尼克号巨大的烟囱通风，其中一个烟囱不起作用，纯粹是为了美观。

Many companies paid ocean liners to ship their goods, and Titanic's cargo manifest included 63 cases of champagne, 15 cases of rabbit hair, 2 cases of grandfather clocks, and a Renault automobile.

许多公司付钱给远洋客轮来运输他们的货物，泰坦尼克号的货物清单包括 63 箱香槟、15 箱兔毛、2 箱落地式钟和一辆雷诺汽车。

The Royal Mail Ship, or RMS Titanic, also transported mail for the UK Government.

英国皇家邮轮，或称泰坦尼克号，也为英国政府运送邮件。

5 postal workers in the mail room sorted 3,400 sacks and 7 million individual pieces of mail.

5 名邮政工人在收发室分拣 3400 个麻袋和 700 万封邮件。

The squash court, swimming pool, and Turkish baths were for first-class passengers only.

壁球场、游泳池和土耳其浴室仅供头等舱乘客使用。

Titanic's heated pool was the first in the world, measuring 32 feet by 13. The hospital was more advanced than most on land, with two full-time doctors and a surgery room.

泰坦尼克号的温水游泳池是世界上第一个，长 32 英尺宽 13 英尺。这家医院比陆地上的大多数医院都更先进，有两名全职医生和一间手术室。

First-class passengers could also enjoy a-la-carte dining from cafes and restaurants above deck.

头等舱乘客还可以在甲板上的咖啡馆和餐厅享受按菜单点菜的服务。

Classes were kept separate on board.

船舱是分等级的。

Third-class rooms accommodated up to six people and were located on the lower levels.

三等舱的房间最多可容纳六人，位于较低的楼层。

Second-class passengers had single or double rooms in the center of the ship.

二等舱乘客住在船的中心有单人间或双人间。

First-class rooms were luxuriously appointed, with telephones and heaters.

头等舱的房间布置得很豪华，有电话和暖气。

Titanic's four parlor suites included sitting rooms, bedrooms, and private promenade decks.

泰坦尼克号的四间客厅套房包括客厅、卧室和私人露台。

The first-class dining room was decorated in the Jacobin style, while the lounge was modeled on the palace of Versailles.

头等舱的餐厅采用雅各宾风格装饰，而休息室则仿照凡尔赛宫。

The grand staircase was titanic's most iconic feature and had a steel-and-glass domed ceiling depicting the figures of Honor and Glory crowning Time.

大楼梯是泰坦尼克号最具标志性的特征，顶部是由钢架支撑的玻璃穹顶，雕刻着象征高贵和荣誉的寓言人物。

Titanic's wireless was one of the most powerful at sea, with a range of up to 2,500 miles.

泰坦尼克号的无线电波是海上最强大的无线电波之一，覆盖范围可达 2500 英里。

Throughout the voyage, the operators, Jack Phillips and Harold Bride have been receiving regular iceberg warnings, many of which are passed to the bridge.

在整个航行过程中，操作员杰克·菲利普斯和哈罗德·布莱德一直定期收到冰山警报，其中许多警报都传递给了驾驶台。

However, the wireless operators work for the Marconi Company, and their primary purpose is to relay passengers' messages.

然而，无线运营商为马可尼公司工作，他们的主要目的是传递乘客的信息。

On the night of April 14th, Titanic enters waters known to have icebergs.

4 月 14 日晚，泰坦尼克号进入了已知有冰山的水域。

Smith alters course slightly, turning south, but maintains a high speed of 22 knots.

史密斯稍微改变了航向，转向南方，但保持 22 节的高速。

At 9:40 PM the nearby Mesaba sends warning of an ice field, but this message is never relayed to the bridge.

晚上 9 点 40 分，附近的美莎巴号发出冰原警告，但这条信息从未传递到驾驶台。

At 10:55 PM the Californian sends word that it had stopped after becoming surrounded by ice.

晚上 10 点 55 分，加利福尼亚号发消息说，它在被冰包围后停止了航行。

Wireless operator Phillips is busy handling passenger messages, and scolds the Californian for interrupting him.

无线运营商菲利普斯正忙着处理乘客的信息，并责骂加利福尼亚号打断了他。

By 11 PM, Smith has not slowed Titanic.

到晚上 11 点，史密斯还没有减慢泰坦尼克号的速度。

Some survivors reported this was at Ismay's urging — he wanted to arrive a day early and make headlines.

一些幸存者报告说，这是因为伊斯梅的催促——他想提前一天到达并登上头条新闻。

However, new research has offered up another theory: The lone coal fireman to survive the sinking testified in 1912 that a fire had been raging in Titanic's boiler room for days — since before the ship had first departed.

然而，新的研究提供了另一种理论：唯一在沉船中幸存下来的司炉工在 1912 年作证说，泰坦尼克号的锅炉房已经着火好几天了——从船第一次出发之前就开始了。

Rather than delay the maiden voyage a third time, Smith decided to set sail and the firemen fought the fire at sea, which was not uncommon at the time.

史密斯没有第三次推迟首次航行，而是决定起航，司炉工在海上灭火，这在当时并不罕见。

It is believed that this onboard fire is what forced Smith to sail so fast, and could have even weakened Titanic's hull.

据信，正是船上的大火迫使史密斯快速航行，甚至可能削弱了泰坦尼克号的船体强度。

At 11:40 PM, 400 nautical miles south of Newfoundland, an iceberg is spotted.

晚上 11 点 40 分，在纽芬兰岛以南 400 海里处，发现了一座冰山。

The first officer orders the ship hard-a-starboard and reverses the engines, which actually slows Titanic's turning speed.

大副命令船右转，并倒转引擎，这实际上减缓了泰坦尼克号的转向速度。

Titanic's starboard side scrapes the iceberg, rupturing 5 watertight compartments below the waterline.

泰坦尼克号的右舷刮擦冰山，水线以下的 5 个水密舱破裂。

It is believed that a higher-speed collision would have caused more damage to fewer compartments, and Titanic would have survived.

据信，更高速度的碰撞会对更少的舱室造成更大的损坏，泰坦尼克号会幸存下来。

But ship designer Andrews knows immediately that with more than 4 watertight compartments filled, Titanic will founder.

但船舶设计师安德鲁斯立刻意识到，如果超过 4 个水密舱被水填满，泰坦尼克号将会沉没。

The watertight compartments extend only to E deck, and the water will eventually spill over.

水密舱只延伸到 E 甲板，水最终会溢出。

Smith orders the wireless operators to send distress signals, but does not order a general alarm.

史密斯命令无线操作员发送遇险信号，但没有发出紧急警报。

Titanic's sister Olympic responds, but at over 500 miles away won't make it to Titanic in time.

泰坦尼克号的姐妹号“奥林匹克号”做出了回应，但它在 500 多英里之外，无法及时赶到泰坦尼克号的水域。

At 12:15 AM, The Mount Temple responds.

凌晨 12 点 15 分，圣殿山号回应。

It's 50 miles away and speeds to Titanic, but is stopped by an ice field.

它离泰坦尼克号有 50 英里远，但被一片冰原挡住了。

At 12:20 AM, the Carpathia hears the call.

凌晨 12 点 20 分，卡帕西亚号听到了呼叫。

However, the slower ship is 58 miles away, and it will take over 3 hours to reach Titanic.

然而，较慢的船在 58 英里之外，需要 3 个多小时才能到达泰坦尼克号。

The Russian steamer Birma is 70 miles away when it hears Titanic's SOS, also too far.

俄罗斯轮船毕亚马号在 70 英里外听到了泰坦尼克号的求救信号，也太远了。

As Titanic sinks, the crew spots a ship on the horizon.

泰坦尼克号沉没时，船员们发现地平线上有一艘船。

However, this mystery ship does not respond to messages or approach the sinking liner.

然而，这艘神秘的船没有回应信息，也没有接近沉没的客轮。

It is believed this was the Sampson, a Norwegian boat that was in the area illegally hunting seals.

据信这是桑普森号，一艘在该地区非法捕猎海豹的挪威船。

The nearby Californian is Titanic's last hope, but the wireless is turned off.

附近的加利福尼亚号是泰坦尼克号最后的希望，但无线信号已被关闭。

The crew wakes Captain Stanley Lord when they see Titanic's emergency flares, but he orders them to respond using the morse lamp instead of the wireless.

当船员们看到泰坦尼克号的紧急照明弹时，他们叫醒了斯坦利·洛德船长，但他命令他们使用莫尔斯信号灯而不是无线设备进行回应。

They will not hear a response from Titanic.

他们不会听到泰坦尼克号的回应。

Meanwhile, Titanic begins to launch lifeboats, with women and children first.

与此同时，泰坦尼克号开始启动救生艇，妇女和儿童优先。

But without a general alarm, many below-deck passengers are not even aware something is wrong.

但如果不拉响紧急警报，许多甲板下的乘客甚至都没有意识到有什么不对劲。

Titanic has 20 lifeboats, enough for 1,178 people, a little over half of those on board.

泰坦尼克号有 20 艘救生艇，足够容纳 1178 人，比船上的一半人数多一点。

However a lifeboat drill earlier in the day was cancelled, and the crew has the wrong impression that the ship's davits have not been weight-tested, though they were in Belfast.

然而，当天早些时候的救生艇演习被取消了，船员们误以为船的吊艇柱没有经过重量测试，尽管那时他们是在贝尔法斯特。

So the already-too-few lifeboats are launched under capacity, at an average of only 60% full.

因此，本来就太少的救生艇又在载客量不足的情况下下水，平均载客量只有 60%。

As Titanic's bow fills with water, the hull begins to rise out of the ocean.

当泰坦尼克号的船头充满水时，船体开始从海洋中升起。

At 2:18 AM, Titanic splits in half.

凌晨 2 点 18 分，泰坦尼克号分裂成两半。

At 2:20 the stern sinks below the ocean, plunging over 1,500 people into the freezing water.

2 点 20 分，船尾沉入海底，1500 多人坠入冰冷的海水。

Those in the lifeboats are fearful of getting swamped and they wait to return.

救生艇上的人害怕被淹没，他们等待返回。

By the time they do, 68% of the people onboard Titanic have died.

当他们返回时，泰坦尼克号上 68% 的人已经死亡。

45% of first and second-class passengers, 75% of third class passengers, and 78% of the crew perished at sea.

45% 的头等舱和二等舱乘客，75% 的三等舱乘客，以及 78% 的船员在海上遇难。

The Carpathia arrived at 3:30 AM, about an hour after Titanic sank, rescuing 705 survivors from the lifeboats.

卡帕西亚号于凌晨 3 点 30 分抵达，大约在泰坦尼克号沉没一小时后，从救生艇上救出了 705 名幸存者。

On April 18th, Titanic's survivors arrived in New York City, greeted by massive crowds.

4 月 18 日，泰坦尼克号的幸存者抵达纽约市，受到大批人群的问候。

News of Titanic's sinking had spread around the globe, the tragedy magnified by the glamour associated with the ship and its maiden voyage, and the deaths of many of era's wealthiest and most prominent people, including John Jacob Astor, Isidor Strauss, president of Macy's, and his wife Ida.

泰坦尼克号沉没的消息已经传遍全球，这艘船及其首航的魅力，以及许多时代最富有和最杰出人物的死亡放大了这场悲剧，包括约翰·雅各布·阿斯特（社交名流）、梅西百货公司总裁伊西多·施特劳斯和他的妻子艾达。

Ida Strauss refused to leave her husband's side, and while Isidor was offered a seat next to her in a lifeboat, he refused to take it while women and children remained onboard.

艾达·施特劳斯拒绝离开她丈夫的身边，当伊西多在救生艇上得到一个她旁边的座位时，他拒绝接受，因为妇女和儿童仍留在船上。

Titanic's captain Smith and designer Andrews also died on board.

泰坦尼克号的船长史密斯和设计师安德鲁斯也在船上遇难。

However, others, like J. Bruce Ismay, survived in lifeboats and were consequently vilified by the press.

然而，其他人，如 J.布鲁斯·伊斯梅，在救生艇中幸存下来，并因此受到媒体的抨击。

Both the American and British governments investigated the sinking.

美国和英国政府都对沉船事件进行了调查。

The U. S. Senate Inquiry was led by Michigan Senator William Alden Smith and interviewed 80 survivors.

美国参议院调查由密歇根州参议员威廉·奥尔登·史密斯领导，采访了 80 名幸存者。

It faulted the British Board of Trade for not regulating the number of lifeboats aboard and doubted the distance claimed by the crew of the Californian.

它指责英国贸易委员会没有管理救生艇的数量，并对加州号船员声称的距离表示怀疑。

As a result of the sinking, ships were required to hold enough lifeboats for all passengers and keep 24-hour radio watch, and a new international iceberg monitoring service was created.

由于沉船事故，所有船只被要求为所有乘客配备足够的救生艇，并保持 24 小时无线电监视，并创建了新的国际冰山监测服务体系。

The sinking of the Titanic had little averse impact on Harland and Wolff.

泰坦尼克号的沉没对“哈兰德与沃尔夫造船厂”没有什么负面影响。

The Olympic's watertight doors were extended up to B deck, and the ship served as a troop transport in WWI.

“奥林匹克”号的水密门一直延伸到 B 甲板，在第一次世界大战中，这艘船被用作部队运输。

A third ship, Brittanic, replaced Titanic, but it was sunk after striking a mine in 1916. J. Bruce Ismay retired in shame a year after the sinking.

第三艘船“布列塔尼克号”取代了泰坦尼克号，但它在 1916 年触雷后沉没。沉船一年后，J.布鲁斯·伊斯梅羞愧地退休了。

finally, in 1935, the White Star Line was acquired by longtime competitor Cunard.

最后，在 1935 年，白星航运公司被长期竞争对手冠达邮轮收购。

Titanic remained firmly entrenched in the popular imagination, though interest would wane over time.

尽管随着时间的推移，人们对泰坦尼克号的兴趣逐渐减弱，但它在大众的想象中仍然根深蒂固。

Then, in 1985, famed oceanographer Robert Ballard announced the discovery of the wreck of the Titanic.

然后，在 1985 年，著名海洋学家罗伯特·巴拉德宣布发现了泰坦尼克号的残骸。

Titanic became a testing ground for Argo, a cutting-edge submersible equipped with a remote control camera.

泰坦尼克号成了阿尔戈号的试验场，阿尔戈号是一艘配备了遥控摄像机的尖端潜水器。

On September 1st, 1985 the first underwater images of Titanic were recorded.

1985 年 9 月 1 日，泰坦尼克号的第一张水下照片被记录下来。

The wreckage has been populated by rusticles, which, over time, will slowly dissolve the ship.

残骸上布满了锈迹，随着时间的流逝，锈迹会慢慢溶解这艘船。

Titanic rests on the ocean floor 13 miles away from its last reported coordinates.

泰坦尼克号的残骸躺在距其最后报告坐标 13 英里的海底。